Exodus 14:3

14:1-9 Pharaoh would think that all Israel was entangled in the wilderness, and so would become an easy prey. But God says, I will be honoured upon Pharaoh. All men being made for the honour of their Maker, those whom he is not honoured by, he will be honoured upon. What seems to tend to the church's ruin, is often overruled to the ruin of the church's enemies. While Pharaoh gratified his malice and revenge, he furthered the bringing to pass God's counsels concerning him. Though with the greatest reason he had let Israel go, yet now he was angry with himself for it. God makes the envy and rage of men against his people, a torment to themselves. Those who set their faces heavenward, and will live godly in Christ Jesus, must expect to be set upon by Satan's temptations and terrors. He will not tamely part with any out of his service.

For Pharaoh will say of the children of Israel,.... The Septuagint version adds, "to his people", his ministers and courtiers, when he hears where they are: they are entangled in the land; have lost their way, and got into places they cannot easily get out of, and are perplexed in their minds, and do not know what way to take or course to steer: the wilderness hath shut them in; or, "shut up the way to them" (n); the wilderness between the mountains the above mentioned traveller speaks of (o) the mountains of Gewoubee; these would stop their flight or progress to the southward, as those of the Attackah would do the same towards the land of the Philistines; the Red sea likewise lay before them to the east, while Pharaoh (could) close up the valley behind them, with his chariots and his horsemen; and which, no doubt, appeared very advantageous and encouraging to him, as it must be very distressing to the Israelites. (n) "clausit viam illis", Pagninus, "praeclusit sese illis", Vatablus. (o) Dr. Shaw's Travels, p. 309. Ed. 2.

Exodus 14:3-4 . Pharaoh will say they are entangled — He will presume that you are hemmed in between the rocks and the sea. I will harden Pharaoh’s heart — See note on Exodus 4:21 ; Exodus 7:13-14 . The meaning is, that Pharaoh would take occasion, from the apparently distressed situation the Israelites were now in, enclosed with mountains, deserts, and Egyptian garrisons, to harden his heart. He would even be so desperate as to attempt to follow and bring them back again into their former state of bondage. I will be honoured upon Pharaoh — By the manifestation of my power and justice.

(3) Entangled in the land. —Literally, confused, perplexed. (Comp. Esther 3:15 .) Pharaoh, seeing that the Israelites had placed the Bitter Lakes on their left, and were marching southward, in a direction which would soon put the Red Sea on one side of them and a desert region—that about the Jebel Atakah—on the other, thought that they must be quite ignorant of the geography, and have, as it were, “lost their way.” He observed, moreover, that “the wilderness had shut them in.” The desert tract between the Nile Valley and the Red Sea lay upon their left and in their front: they would soon be unable to proceed, and would not know which way to turn.

They are entangled ... - The original intention of Moses was to go toward Palestine by the wilderness: when that purpose was changed by God's direction and they moved southwards, Pharaoh, on receiving information, was of course aware that they were completely shut in, since the waters of the Red Sea then extended to the Bitter Lakes. It is known that the Red Sea at some remote period extended considerably further toward the north than it does at present. In the time of Moses the water north of Kolsum joined the Bitter Lakes, though at present the constant accumulation of sand has covered the intervening space to the extent of 8000 to 10,000 yards.

Verse 3. - They are entangled in the land . Or "they are confused," "perplexed" - i.e. . "they have lost their way." Pharaoh could not conceive that they would have taken the route to the west of the Bitter Lakes, which conducted to no tolerable territory, unless they were hopelessly at sea with respect to the geography of the country. In this "perplexity" of theirs he thought he saw his own opportunity. The wilderness hath shut them in. Pharaoh is thinking of his own "wilderness," the desert country between the Nile valley and the Red Sea. This desert, he says, "blocks their way, and shuts them in " - they cannot escape if he follows in their steps, for they will have the sea on one hand, the desert on the other, and in their front, while he himself presses upon their rear. Exodus 14:3

3 . entangled , &c.] rather, perplexed, confused ( Esther 3:15 , Joel 1:18 ) in the land : they do not know which way to turn in order to escape: the wilderness (the Egyptian wilderness, S. of Wâdy Ṭumîlât) hath shut them in : the implicit thought being, They will not dream of crossing the sea; so we have but to follow them ( v. 4), and they will be in our power.

13 . was hardened ] Heb. was strong . One of the three synonyms used in Ex. to express the idea of hardening of the heart: the three being (1) ḥâzaḳ, ḥizzçḳ , lit. to be and to make strong (i.e. firm, hard, unyielding , cf. Ezekiel 3:7-9 Heb.), used by P ( Exodus 7:13 ; Exodus 7:22 , Exodus 8:19 , Exodus 9:12 , Exodus 11:10 , Exodus 14:4 ; Exodus 14:8 ; Exodus 14:17 ), and E ( Exodus 4:21 , Exodus 9:35 , Exodus 10:20 ; Exodus 10:27 ); (2) kâbçd, hikbîd , lit. to be and to make heavy (i.e. slow to move or be affected, unimpressionable , cf. of the tongue, Exodus 4:10 ), used by J ( Exodus 7:14 , Exodus 8:15 ; Exodus 8:32 , Exodus 9:7 ; Exodus 9:34 , Exodus 10:1 ); and (3) hiḳshâh , which is properly rendered, to harden (cf. the cognate adj. of the neck, Exodus 32:9 al. ), only Exodus 7:3 (P). (1) and (2) are always distinguished in RV. of Ex. by a marg. In these passages, Pharaoh’s heart is itself said to be hard in Exodus 7:13-14 ; Exodus 7:22 , Exodus 8:19 , Exodus 9:7 ; Exodus 9:35 ; Pharaoh is said to harden it himself in Exodus 8:15 ; Exodus 8:32 , Exodus 9:34 ; and God is said to harden it in Exodus 4:21 , Exodus 7:3 , Exodus 9:12 , Exodus 10:1 ; Exodus 10:20 ; Exodus 10:27 , Exodus 11:10 , Exodus 14:4 ; Exodus 14:8 (cf. 17). See further the detached note below. and he hearkened not to them, as Jehovah had spoken ] P’s closing formula (p. 55), as v. 22, Exodus 8:15 b, 19, Exodus 9:12 . Had spoken , see v. 4a.

3. the wilderness hath shut them in—Pharaoh, who would eagerly watch their movements, was now satisfied that they were meditating flight, and he naturally thought from the error into which they appeared to have fallen by entering that defile, he could intercept them. He believed them now entirely in his power, the mountain chain being on one side, the sea on the other, so that, if he pursued them in the rear, escape seemed impossible.

This turn in their route was not out of the way for the passage through the Red Sea; but apart from this, it was not only out of the way, but a very foolish way, according to human judgment. God commanded Moses to take this road, that He might be honoured upon Pharaoh, and show the Egyptians that He was Jehovah (cf. Exodus 14:30 , Exodus 14:31 ). Pharaoh would say of the Israelites, They have lost their way; they are wandering about in confusion; the desert has shut them in, as in a prison upon which the door is shut (על סנר as in Job 12:14 ); and in his obduracy he would resolve to go after them with his army, and bring them under his sway again.