1 Samuel 23:28

23:19-29 In the midst of his wickedness, Saul affected to speak the language of piety. Such expressions, without suitable effects, can only amuse or deceive those who hear, and those who use them. This mountain was an emblem of the Divine Providence coming between David and the destroyer. Let us not be dismayed at the prospect of future difficulties, but stay ourselves upon Him who is wonderful in counsel and excellent in working. Sooner than his promise shall fail, he will commission Philistines to effect our escape, at the very moment when our case appears most desperate. God requires entire dependence on him, If ye will not believe, surely ye shall not be established, Isa 7:9.

Therefore Saul returned from pursuing after David,.... Stopped short at once, as soon as ever he received the message: and went against the Philistines; to stop them in their progress, and drive them out of his country: therefore they called that place Selahammahlekoth, which signifies the rock of divisions. David and his men, very probably, gave it this name, not only because it divided between Saul and his men, and David and his men, when they were one on one side of it, and the other on the other side of it; but because Saul was, by the providence of God, divided and separated from David here, whereby he escaped falling into his hands. The Targum is,"therefore they called that place the rock of division, the place where the heart of the king was divided to go here and there:''he was divided in his own mind, and at a loss what to do; he was in two minds, as Jarchi says, and did not know which to follow, whether to return and deliver his country from the hands of the Philistines, or to pursue and take David; and others represent the soldiers of Saul as divided, some saying that since the son of Jesse was just falling into their hands, they should not leave him; others, that the war of Israel should be regarded before him, who might be found at any time (u). (u) Midrash apud Yalkut in loc.

28 . Sela-hammahlekôth ] Either (1) “Rock of escapes;” or more probably (2) “Rock of divisions,” because there Saul had to relinquish the pursuit of David. Lieut. Conder thinks he has discovered the scene of David’s escape. Between the ridge of El Kôlah and the neighbourhood of Maon there is a great gorge called “the Valley of the Rocks:” to part of this the name Wady Malâki now applies, and there is no other place near Maon where cliffs, such as are to be inferred from the word Sela , can be found. See Tent Work , II. 91. 1 Samuel 23:28

(28) Sela-hammahlekoth. —Literally, as in the margin of our Bibles, the rock (or, still better, the cliff ) of divisions. Other scholars, with greater reason, prefer the derivation from a Hebrew word signifying to be smooth— the cliff of smoothness: that is, of slipping away or escaping. Ewald rather fancifully interprets the term as the “Cliff of Destiny or of Fate.”

25. David … came down into a rock, and abode in the wilderness of Maon—Tell Main, the hillock on which was situated the ancient Maon (Jos 15:55), and from which the adjoining wilderness took its name, is one mile north, ten east from Carmel. The mountain plateau seems here to end. It is true the summit ridge of the southern hills runs out a long way further towards the southwest; but towards the southeast the ground sinks more and more down to a tableland of a lower level, which is called "the plain to the right hand [that is, to the south] of the wilderness" [Van De Velde].

From this occurrence the place received the name of Sela-hammahlekoth, "rock of smoothnesses," i.e., of slipping away or escaping, from חלק, in the sense of being smooth. This explanation is at any rate better supported than "rock of divisions, i.e., the rock at which Saul and David were separated" (Clericus), since חלק does not mean to separate.

2–4. Introductory invocation of Jehovah 2 . The Lord is my rock ] The opening address to God, found in Psalms 18, “Fervently do I love thee O Jehovah my strength,” is wanting here. 2, 3 . The imagery, by which David describes so emphatically all that Jehovah had been to him as a Deliverer from his enemies, is derived from the experiences of his warlike life, and particularly of his flight from Saul. The cliff ( 1 Samuel 23:25 ; 1 Samuel 23:28 ) where he had escaped from Saul, the strong-hold in the wilderness of Judah or the fastnesses of Engedi ( 1 Samuel 23:14 ; 1 Samuel 23:19 ; 1 Samuel 23:29 ), “the rocks of the wild goats” ( 1 Samuel 24:2 ), were all emblems of Him who had been throughout his true Refuge and Deliverer.

Compare Exodus 39:4 . The ephod consisted of two principal pieces of cloth, one for the back and the other for the front, joined together by shoulder straps (see Exodus 28:27 note). Below the arms, probably just above the hips, the two pieces were kept in place by a band attached to one of the pieces. On the respect in which the ephod of the High priest was held, see 1 Samuel 2:28 ; 1 Samuel 14:3 ; 1 Samuel 21:9 ; 1 Samuel 23:6-9 ; 1 Samuel 30:7 . But an ephod made of linen appears to have been a recognized garment not only for the common priests 1 Samuel 22:18 , but also for those who were even temporarily engaged in the service of the sanctuary 1 Samuel 2:18 ; 2 Samuel 6:14 ; 1 Chronicles 15:27 .